[전선] 159호 11-7 인플레이션: 극복될 수 없는 자본주의 위기의 표현

  • 이 기사는 노동자신문 11호에 게재된 기사입니다.

이현숙 ㅣ 자유기고가

석유가격이 올라 “인플레이션 쇼크”가 우려된다고 한다. “산유국들의 감산 여파로 국제 유가가 … 90달러 선을 돌파했다. 고유가로 … 글로벌 물가상승률이 다시 반등하는 ‘2차 인플레이션 쇼크’가 발생할 수 있다는 전망이 나온다 … 스탠다드차타드는 ‘공급 부족으로 국제 유가가 연내에 100달러를 넘을 것’으로 전망했다.”(권순완 기자, 유가, 10개월 만에 90달러 돌파…2차 인플레 불붙나. 산유국들 中 경기 부진에 감산…글로벌 물가 도미노 상승 우려, <조선경제>, 2023.9.7.>

이 기사에 따르면 석유가격 인상은 “감산과 공급부족”이 원인이다. 그러나 이는 인플레이션이 아니다. 수요-공급의 변화에 따른 가격의 변화는 상품가격이 실제로 변화하는 것이다. 인플레이션은 이와 성질이 다르다. 상품 가격(가치)에는 변화가 없지만, 이를 표현하는 지폐의 양의 변화 때문에 발생한다. 인플레이션이란 지폐를 과도하게 발행하여, “지폐가 표현하는 가치”가 감소하여 발생한다. “돈이 값이 없어지기 때문”이다. 특히 지난 2007년 세계대공황(“2008년 세계 금융위기”) 이후에, 미국을 포함하여 세계의 중앙은행들이, 독점자본을 구제하기 위해, 천문학적 양으로 지폐를 발행(“구제금융과 양적완화”)해왔기 때문이다.

필자가 보기에는 최근의 석유가격 인상의 원인은 다음과 같다. 그 근저에는 지폐의 지나친 발행, 즉 인플레이션이 있다. 이것이 가장 주요한 추동력이다. 산유국의 감산은 그 추동력을 자극한다. 즉 감산은 가격 인상의 직접적 원인이 된다. 그리고 투기 자본이 움직인다. 투기적 수요로 가격 인상이 증폭된다. 여기에다 소비자에게 석유를 최종 공급하는 독점자본은 국제가격이 오를 때는 번개같이 올리고, 하락할 때는 기약이 없다. 한국의 경우 극도로 높은 세금도 감안해야 한다.

석유 소비자의 입장에서는 원인이 무엇이든 결과는 동일하다. 그럼에도 그 원인은 구별해야 한다. 공급부족(수요-공급), 그리고 생산성의 하락에 따라, 상품가격은 오른다. 상품생산이 존재하는 세상이면, 노예제든 자본제든, 심지어 사회주의에서도 이것은 존재한다. 이는 경제적인 현상이다.

인플레이션은 다르다. 국가가 독점자본을 살리기 위해 지폐를 마구 찍어내기 때문에 발생한다. “월급 빼고 다 올랐다”는 탄식이 표현하듯이, 실질임금은 줄어든다. 공장‧기계‧원료‧상품 등 실물자본, 부동산, 귀금속 등의 자산가격을 올려 “빈익빈-부익부”가 발생한다. 인플레이션은 노동자‧민중에 대한 자본가국가의 공세이다. 역사적으로 보자. 1930년대 대공황은, 자본주의의 위기가 너무나 심각하여 경제 내적으로 극복될 수 없다는 것을 증명했다. 금본위제를 폐지하고 관리통화제를 채택하여, 국가가 독점자본을 부양해야만 했다. 국가독점자본주의이다. 자본의 위기는 만성적이었고, 지폐 증발도 만성화되었다. 인플레이션은 체제내화 되었다.

인플레이션이란 극복될 수 없는 자본주의 위기의 표현이다. 자본의 위기를 노동자계급의 절망으로 전화시키고자 하는 자본의 공세이다. 독점자본은 이미 오래전에 건강수명을 다하고, 국가에 기생하며 연명하고 있다. 인플레이션은, 무의미한 연명치료를 중단하고, 자본주의를 안락사시키라는 역사의 외침이기도 한다. 그래서 부르주아 언론은 모든 물가인상이 인플레이션이라며, 진실을 은폐하자 한다.

노동전선

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